Describe the three types of fairness that affect employee attitudes and behaviors. Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. Maslow is a good starting point to start examining the different m otivation theories. Motivation is generally understood as the drive or the desire to do things. This also states that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and typically certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied.
This model of motivation although based on the expectancy theory, is probably the most complete theory of workplace motivation. Content theory of motivation is concerned with the internal factors that actuate human behavior. Based on these findings herzberg created his theory of motivators and hygiene. A need for control over ones own work or the work of others. Valence provides a link to the need theories of motivation alderfer, herzberg, maslow, and mcclelland. Application of motivation theories in oracle direct in prague. These theories are related to the studies of human needs and mechanism of their influence on the process of motivation. Many motivation theories such as expectancy theory have attempted to explain an individuals work performance in general terms e. Psychologists have developed several theories of motivation to explain and understand the nature of motivation. Pdf as we know motivation is a mechanism which ultimately influences. The way to see if you can attain your goal is by setting a date and the things you. According to this perspective, the managers job is to identify what people need and make the work environment a means of satisfying these needs. Process theories attempt to explain the thought processes of individuals who demonstrate motivated behaviour.
Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an. Motivation process is universal, all people are motivated to pursue goals they value. Two such theories are expectancy theory and equity theory. When an employee lacks motivation due to an unequal level of equity, there are two tactics to reinstate motivation. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. It is difficult to provide a comprehensive definition of the term motivation. Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Process theories attempt to explain the thought processes of. People are driven by so many things by their passion, by the need for money or financial.
We begin by looking at three early motivation theories. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Motivation is the result of the interaction between an individual and a situation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Put simply, this is all about how peoples needs influence and drive their behaviour. Motivation theories, maslows hierarchy, herzberg two. Process perspective means that it approaches to motivation that focus on why people choose certain behavioral options to fulfill their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained these goals.
Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc. Individuals analyze their environment, develop reactions and feelings, and react in certain ways. Process theories of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated. Although there are many theories of motivation, there are only a few that i feel. The reward such as promotion, peer acceptance, recognition by. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. The chart shows the parallel relationship between the needs in each of the theories. A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops.
Start studying content and process theories of motivation. Needsbased motivation theories stem from the understanding that all motivation comes from an individuals desire to fulfill or achieve a need. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour. While reinforcement is more than just a motivational theory, burrhus frederic skinner, who created the theory, also developed applied behavior analysis to test it, in which targets the relationship between behavior and the environment. Maslow refers to higher lower order needs, whereas herzberg refers to motivation and hygiene factors. This overview is compiled from michael armstrongs book armstrongs handbook of human resource management practice.
Theories of motivation an attempt is made in this chapter to bring a theoretical base for motivation. Sometimes financial rewards motivate people and sometimes it is just an inner drive to make a difference. Pdf motivational theories a critical analysis researchgate. Pdf comparison of process theories to content theories in. These theories paved the way to processbased theories.
Rensis likert, has called motivation as the core of management. Motivation theories suggest many ways of keeping the employees motivated on what they do. In contrast to the needbased theories we have covered so far, processbased theories view motivation as a rational process. This is the extended and updated version of the original article from 2000. Process theories of motivation stars university of. The common trait of decreased motivation due to unequal balances of equity, is the amount of input an employee puts into their work.
These theories are all, at least, partially true, and all help to explain the behavior of certain people at certain times. Explain how employees evaluate the fairness of reward distributions. Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve. Some of the most important theories of motivation are as follows. In this case the needs mean physiological or psychological sense of lack. The distinction between content and process theories. In essence, these theories examine how a persons needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs.
Instead, processbased theories view motivation as a rational process. Process theories attempt to explain the thought processes of individuals who demonstrate motivated behavior. In this video you will get theories of motivation by maslow, herzberg and mcgregor. There are many competing theories, which attempt to explain the nature of motivation. While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. Definition motivation is a predisposition to act in a specific goal directed manner. Process theories assume that although the needs of individuals are similar, the. Content and process theories of motivation are introduced. These theories give the managers a set of techniques that they can try out in the corporate. The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation. Maslows hierarchy of needs must be one of the best known motivation theories in the world. Motivation is defined as the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goaldirected behavior. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target. Motivation energises the behaviour, releases the energy and arouses the activities.
Herzebergs motivatorhygiene theory herzebergs dual factors theory mcclellands learned needs or threeneeds theory are some of the major content. Essay about process and content theory of motivation and. It intends to give a brief overview on the most important concepts and theories of motivation. Although a manager is not required to learn all these motivation theories, having an idea of certain theories may be an advantage for daytoday activities. The distinction between content and process theories of motivation. The two very critical theories to comprehend the concept of motivation are need content and process theories of motivations, which are theoretically different but still there is high degree of interrelatedness between them. Note that the value attached to an input is based on our perception of its relevance and value. This is the reason why managers attach great importance to motivation in organizational setting.
Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables, which. Hellriegal and slocum motivation may be defined as the state of an individuals perspective which represents the strength of his or her propensity to exert effort toward some particular. Based on these aspects, there are three types of theories of motivation. Content theories these theories are concerned with identifying peoples needs and their. Contentbased theories contentbased theories of motivation based on identification of the internal motives that make people act in a certain way. Processbased motivation connect, perform match each situation with the most appropriate processbased motivation theory that you would apply to it as a manager. A much more complex model of work motivation based on expectancy. The paper presents the results of an empirical study in three governmentfunded hospitals in italy, by applying this theory. Process theories are concerned with the thought processes that influence behaviour. In this video you will get complete and detail explanation for different motivation theories with their examples. Abstract motivation is one of the most important factors affecting human behavior and performance. You start by identifying things that are causing dissatisfaction among your employees and fixing them. According to this theory motivation of any individual depends on the desired goal and strength of his expectation of achieving. Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories, that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables.
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